How is "topography" defined in the context of applied behavior analysis?

In the context of applied behavior analysis (ABA), "topography" refers specifically to the observable and measurable aspects of behavior, focusing on how a behavior is physically manifested. This includes the specific movements, actions, or patterns exhibited when the behavior occurs. When practitioners analyze behavior, they look closely at the topography to understand its form and characteristics, which aids in establishing clear definitions of behaviors for assessment and intervention purposes. By examining the details of how a behavior looks, practitioners can better develop targeted interventions that address the behavior more effectively.

In contrast, the reason behind a behavior relates more to the underlying motivations or functions, while frequency and duration pertain to how often and how long a behavior occurs, rather than describing its physical characteristics.